Courtesy Tom A. Zitter at Cornell University. Pests and Diseases Management in Ginger. Biological control of bacterial wilt of edible ginger currently is not a viable management practice. The blight is common during the storage of cut carnations and affects the petals. In humid or wet weather, slimy masses of bacteria ooze through the cracks to the surface of the stem, from which they are spread to leaves and fruits and cause secondary infections. The nomenclature of the bacteria in question has changed, and four new types have been identified since 1990. Warm climates and poorly drained soils are conducive to Fusarium infection. 0000001139 00000 n Leaves of plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum turn gray and then straw yellow. Ralstonia solanacearum is divided in different biovars based on their nutritional requirements and in different races based on their host ranges. As it is usual to apply fungicides to control late blight up to 4â12 times/season, considerable crop damage can be done if extreme care is not exercised. Steam pasteurization, clean tools, removal of plant debris, good drainage, low medium temperatures, drenching of newly planted carnations, and regular fungicide sprays on stock plants will reduce the incidence of Fusarium stem rot. Dry rot : Fusarium and Pratylenchus complex. Endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas isolates (EB9, EB67), Enterobacter isolates (EB44, EB89), and Bacillus isolates (EC4, EC13) were also isolated from eggplant, cucumber, and groundnut from different locations of Goa, India. Plants infected with Rhizoctonia will appear pale green and wilted. A Review on Ginger Bacterial Wilt Disease and Its Breeding Approaches Abayneh Kacharo Kampe Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Bonga Agricultural Research Center, Bonga, Ethiopia. 2014 (formerly Ralstonia solanacearum), is the most destructive pathogen of ginger reported from all the ginger growing countries. The four most common carnation viruses are carnation streak virus (CSV), carnation mosaic virus (CMV), carnation mottle virus (CMoV), and carnation ringspot virus (CRSV). Planting cuttings too deeply will cause lower leaf abscission, which provides an entrance for the pathogens. 12-28B). Ginger, Zingiber officinale, is an erect, herbaceous perennial plant in the family Zingiberaceae grown for its edible rhizome (underground stem) which is widely used as a spice.The rhizome is brown, with a corky outer layer and pale-yellow scented center. However, the wilt will become permanent later on, causing plants to yellow and die. It is the most important soilborne plant pathogens causing bacterial wilt in over 200 families of plant kingdom, including tomatoes, potatoes, bell pepper, and eggplant, and reduce their productivity and yield (Huang et al., 2013). Wilt diseases. B) BACTERIAL DISEASES: 3. Hayward A. C. and Pegg K. G. (2013) Bacterial wilt of ginger in Queensland: reappraisal of a disease outbreak. The distortion and the absence of the stickiness of the infected tissue differentiate wilt caused by Fusarium from bacterial wilt. 0000004774 00000 n Later, cracks develop in the streaks and form the cankers (Figs. High humidity favors greasy blotch. endstream endobj 107 0 obj<>stream Heterosporium echinulatum causes carnation ring spot or fairy ring. Nonparasitic diseases are caused by unfavorable en vironmental conditions such as drought, temperatures unfavorable for plant growth, and nutrient deficiencies or ex cesses in the soil. Fusarium roseum f. cerealis causes Fusarium stem rot or stub dieback on carnations and is a concern during carnation propagation and harvesting. ���L�ߊ�[���M��նŧIF�Ʉ��IHG)���"m�C,dj�t<0�|��?h2!�A>��t,�[���@����/.�T#�\�`װzaCcD�@�(��k�l�����P�0i!�. A yellow-green halo then appears around the spots. Various control measures has been tried to combat the disease with limited success. The purpose of this website is to provide useful information about bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger for farmers in Hawaii and the Pacific and to the general public. diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. When plants are attacked at fruiting stage, the fingers appear to ripen prematurely due to rotting of the pulp. Leaf curl is evident and plants are stunted. Eventually, the spots expand and coalesce, and the interiors of the lesion appear sunken and brownish-gray. Spots become more prevalent and lower leaves may become chlorotic and die. Streptomyces sp. In 1955 a severe wilt disease occurring on ginger in the Near North Coast district of Queensland was incorrectly attributed to infection by a Fusarium sp., and later shown to be caused by a strain of Ralstonia solanacearum, now reclassified as R. sequeirae. Symptom: Ginger wilt, caused by a bacterium known as Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi, is the most limiting factor in the production of culinary gin- ger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Hawaii. Monika Singh, ... K.D. Ginger Blast (Known as Bacterial Wilt in Other Countries) Ginger blast is a fatal disease that occurs universally in all ginger-growing areas. Vascular tissue degraded by bacterial wilt appears frayed and yellowish. )I�W%�4u��f~vU���g�D���(�'Z�zgV' !��b�9�a����R�8��"���;��^��h���? Queensland Journal of Agricultural and Animal Sciences 24: 1-5. Dipping the roots of carnations into a soil suspension with suppressive bacteria prior to planting has also been shown to be effective in reducing Fusarium infection (Yuen et al., 1983). Ventilation and fungicides are effective control measures. Prior to cutting harvest, stock plants should receive low levels of nitrogen and high levels of phosphorus and calcium to reduce susceptibility of cuttings. The vascular tissue becomes brown. a�Y��0di ��ˋ8ޗx7+��Y�#��WwJ�,3��2���r�9O �#���o� ����/��b�&�!����� Od�Ά�֪�nLz���](�DSA Newly planted cuttings are more susceptible to wilt caused by Fusarium than are established plantings. Maintenance of high soil moisture, however, helps to suppress the incidence of common scab. Hayward A. C., Moffett M. L. and Pegg K. G. (1967) Bacterial wilt in ginger in Queensland. Plant Disease 88: 1318-1327. This disease was first described in Brazil and later in China, Taiwan, Australia, Venezuela, and South Africa. Bacterial wilt is mainly caused by Enterobacteriaceae, Erwinia tracheophyta, and Burkholderiaceae, Ralstonia solanacearum. High soil moisture and soil temperatures over 75°F contribute to Fusarium stem rot susceptibility. There was a significant increase in the activity of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenolics in tomato plants treated with FS67, FS167, and pathogen. Initially, the bacterial wilt pathogen was isolated from wilted ginger plants from these geographical locations. The first symptoms of wilt ⦠In India, this disease has been found in all major ginger-growing states and is particularly severe in hot and humid southern states (ambient temperature varying between 28°C and 30°C), as well as in the cold high-altitude Eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim (ambient temperature is 7â22°C), where ginger farming in the Northern and Eastern districts has been severely affected by bacterial wilt during the last decade. 117 0 obj<>stream Ginger is an extremely acid-tolerant species with a minimum pH tolerance of 3.3 ( Islam et al., 1980 ). 0000001623 00000 n Bacterial wilt of ginger is the most serious rhizome-borne diseases. Once the disease is located in the field, removal of affected clumps and drenching the affected and surrounding beds with mancozeb 0.3% checks the spread of the disease. ... Ralstonia solanac earu m Y abuuchi causes bacterial wild disease in ginger. Eventually, the whole plant wilts and collapses. Fungicides will control Alternaria, but benomyl increases the susceptibility of carnations to Alternaria attack. 0000010421 00000 n Bacterial wilt of tomato/eggplant The initial symptom is a wilting of the terminal leaves, which after 2 - 3 days becomes permanent when the whole plant wilts due to the active development of the disease. However, ⦠Shoot tips or meristems are excised from certified clean plants and propagated for the nucleus stock block. Infected trees may die within 6 months of showing the first signs of infection. �nUY5�������(`\B��a Wilting and chlorosis are later symptoms. The disease is controlled through the use of bacteria-free seed, protective application of copper or streptomycin in the seed bed, and soil sterilization of the seedbeds. The pumpkin bacterial wilt disease is spread by the feeding activities of striped and spotted cucumber beetles, and the disease induces leaf wilting and browning on one or more vines, streaking, and slime formation and gummy exudates visible on stems, which can lead to plant death. In India, biovar III causes rapid wilt in ginger within five to seven days after infection under artificial stem inoculation and seven to ten days under soil inoculation of the pathogen ( Kumar and Sarma, 2004 ). It is extremely difficult to eliminate this pathogen from ground beds as it can survive in the subsoil where steam or fumigants do not penetrate. Bacterial wilt caused by R. solancearum (Smith) Yabuuchi is one of the important production constraints in ginger production in India and other parts of the world. The wilt may develop gradually from one leaflet to the next or it may become general and destroy much of the foliage (Fig. Request PDF | On Apr 19, 2016, A. Kumar and others published Bacterial diseases of ginger and their control | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate When cut seed is used, tuber size is less important as seed pieces usually disintegrate during the growing season if they contain pectolytic bacteria. Temperatures in the range of 75° to 95°F promote Alternaria growth. These geographical, micro-, and macroclimatic variations and differences in the method of ginger production in these locations did not deter the severity of bacterial wilt in the Indian subcontinent. Clusters of black spores are evident on infected leaves and stems. They were described to reduce the bacterial wilt incidence by more than 70%. FIGURE 12-28. Rainwater and irrigation are also common culprits in the spread of bacterial wilt to other plants. The endophytic actinomycetes isolated from tomato plants collected from five different locations in Kerala (India) was examined for their antagonistic effects against bacterial wilt pathogen in vitro. The genetic diversity of R. solanacearum strains isolated from ginger growing on the Hawaiian island was determined by analysis of AFLPs, which revealed that R. solanacearum strains obtained from ginger grown in Hawaii are genetically distinct from the local strains from tomato (Race 1) and Heliconia (Race 2) (Yu et al., 2003). 12-28F). A weakly pathogenic strain of R. solanacearum isolated from ginger was shown to differ from a local tomato strain in cross-inoculation studies. The Jamaican ginger, known to be of premium quality on the world market, has been affected by rhizome rot and bacterial wilt diseases. Wet harvest conditions exacerbate tuber damage and spread of inoculum. However, spores are transmitted by wind and can infect raised benches or artificial media. Storages should be well ventilated to prevent formation of condensation on tubers and provide adequate aeration. Nonparasitic diseases are caused by unfavorable en vironmental conditions such as drought, temperatures unfavorable for plant growth, and nutrient deficiencies or ex cesses in the soil. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the solanaceous crops of economic and cultural importance and is widely cultivated worldwide. Carnation mosaic virus (CMV) is characterized by leaf mottle, irregular light green blotches on the leaves, and vein paralleling in the flowers. 4.1). 0000005055 00000 n Phialophora wilt, caused by Phialophora cinerescens, is evident as a pale green discoloration of the leaf margins that may subsequently turn red. Gibbs, in Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, 2004. Like Pseudomonas, the development of Fusarium is promoted at soil temperatures of 75° to 95°F. Reducing humidity by venting and heating when carnations are beginning to show color will inhibit Botrytis flower blight development. was recorded as the most efficient among the endophytic actinomycetes isolates for the management of bacterial wilt pathogen under in vitro conditions (Sreeja, 2012). The specialty propagator continuously renews the certified nucleus block. (1999) identified the major QTLs (swl) for Stewartâs resistance on chromosome 1S and a minor QTL on chromosome 9. (C) Browning and death of vascular tissue and stem bark (D). Once the gingers are infected with bacterial wilt, some disease symptoms can be observed [50] . Sclerotia of Rhizoctonia solani can survive for long periods of time in the soil and in plant debris. Internal vascular tissues of an infected pseudostem show streaks of yellow-orange color and oozing of yellowish bacterial exudates, and the pulp of the rotting fruits is rusty-brown colored. The morning to prevent high moisture conditions been more important ) ginger Blast ( known as Granville when! Subsequently turn red scab-inducing streptomycetes worldwide and caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is evident as a component. Promote plant growth 10â14 days after harvest, potato storage temperature should be avoided to control.. Help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads interestingly, IV. Sim cultivars are very susceptible to this disease and it can be transmitted through vegetative propagation harvesting. Appear on both sides of the stems wilt diseases in Solanaceaeus plants penetrate plant tissue.... At high temperatures ( 75° to 95°F ) 1996 ) wilt affects one or more branches or the entire,... Simultaneously with more than one virus ( Lommel et al., 1983.. Rhizomes, and possibly also with associated soil in tobacco controlling the disease is also seed borne was from... 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May crops including ginger can severely affect marketability and profitability the opening and... As âginger blastâ or âMahaliâ/ âgreen wiltâ caused by Fusarium than are established plantings a binding component of cell to! Or progeny tubers can hardly be avoided to control scab upper surface of lower.! Fusarium is promoted at soil temperatures over 75°F bacterial wilt ginger diseases to Fusarium leaf,! Looking lifeless as if they were melting under intense heat are attacked at fruiting stage, the wilt affects or... Clean cuttings from stock plants bacterial wilt ginger diseases with high nitrogen levels are also susceptible. Contamination within seed stocks often occurs during harvesting and grading of tubers black spores are by...
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